Tomli

A lil' TOML parser

Table of Contents generated with mdformat-toc

• Intro
• Installation
• Usage
  • Parse a TOML string
  • Parse a TOML file
  • Handle invalid TOML
  • Construct decimal.Decimals from TOML floats
  • Building a tomli/tomllib compatibility layer
• FAQ
  • Why this parser?
  • Is comment preserving round-trip parsing supported?
  • Is there a dumps, write or encode function?
  • How do TOML types map into Python types?
• Performance

Intro

Tomli is a Python library for parsing TOML. It is fully compatible with TOML v1.0.0.

A version of Tomli, the tomllib module, was added to the standard library in Python 3.11 via PEP 680. Tomli continues to provide a backport on PyPI for Python versions where the standard library module is not available and that have not yet reached their end-of-life.

Installation

pip install tomli

Usage

Parse a TOML string

import tomli

toml_str = """
[[players]]
name = "Lehtinen"
number = 26

[[players]]
name = "Numminen"
number = 27
"""

toml_dict = tomli.loads(toml_str)
assert toml_dict == {
    "players": [{"name": "Lehtinen", "number": 26}, {"name": "Numminen", "number": 27}]
}

Parse a TOML file

import tomli

with open("path_to_file/conf.toml", "rb") as f:
    toml_dict = tomli.load(f)

The file must be opened in binary mode (with the "rb" flag). Binary mode will enforce decoding the file as UTF-8 with universal newlines disabled, both of which are required to correctly parse TOML.

Handle invalid TOML

import tomli

try:
    toml_dict = tomli.loads("]] this is invalid TOML [[")
except tomli.TOMLDecodeError:
    print("Yep, definitely not valid.")

Note that error messages are considered informational only. They should not be assumed to stay constant across Tomli versions.

Construct decimal.Decimals from TOML floats

from decimal import Decimal
import tomli

toml_dict = tomli.loads("precision-matters = 0.982492", parse_float=Decimal)
assert isinstance(toml_dict["precision-matters"], Decimal)
assert toml_dict["precision-matters"] == Decimal("0.982492")

Note that decimal.Decimal can be replaced with another callable that converts a TOML float from string to a Python type. The decimal.Decimal is, however, a practical choice for use cases where float inaccuracies can not be tolerated.

Illegal types are dict and list, and their subtypes. A ValueError will be raised if parse_float produces illegal types.

Building a tomli/tomllib compatibility layer

Python versions 3.11+ ship with a version of Tomli: the tomllib standard library module. To build code that uses the standard library if available, but still works seamlessly with Python 3.6+, do the following.

Instead of a hard Tomli dependency, use the following dependency specifier to only require Tomli when the standard library module is not available:

tomli >= 1.1.0 ; python_version < "3.11"

Then, in your code, import a TOML parser using the following fallback mechanism:

import sys

if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    import tomllib
else:
    import tomli as tomllib

tomllib.loads("['This parses fine with Python 3.6+']")

FAQ

Why this parser?

• it's lil'
• pure Python with zero dependencies
• the fastest pure Python parser *: 16x as fast as tomlkit, 2.3x as fast as toml
• outputs basic data types only
• 100% spec compliant: passes all tests in BurntSushi/toml-test test suite
• thoroughly tested: 100% branch coverage

Is comment preserving round-trip parsing supported?

No.

The tomli.loads function returns a plain dict that is populated with builtin types and types from the standard library only. Preserving comments requires a custom type to be returned so will not be supported, at least not by the tomli.loads and tomli.load functions.

Look into TOML Kit if preservation of style is what you need.

Is there a dumps, write or encode function?

Tomli-W is the write-only counterpart of Tomli, providing dump and dumps functions.

The core library does not include write capability, as most TOML use cases are read-only, and Tomli intends to be minimal.

How do TOML types map into Python types?

TOML type	Python type	Details
Document Root	dict
Key	str
String	str
Integer	int
Float	float
Boolean	bool
Offset Date-Time	datetime.datetime	tzinfo attribute set to an instance of datetime.timezone
Local Date-Time	datetime.datetime	tzinfo attribute set to None
Local Date	datetime.date
Local Time	datetime.time
Array	list
Table	dict
Inline Table	dict

Performance

The benchmark/ folder in this repository contains a performance benchmark for comparing the various Python TOML parsers. The benchmark can be run with tox -e benchmark-pypi. Running the benchmark on my personal computer output the following:

foo@bar:~/dev/tomli$ tox -e benchmark-pypi
benchmark-pypi installed: attrs==21.4.0,click==8.0.3,pytomlpp==1.0.10,qtoml==0.3.1,rtoml==0.7.1,toml==0.10.2,tomli==2.0.1,tomlkit==0.9.2
benchmark-pypi run-test-pre: PYTHONHASHSEED='3088452573'
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[0] | python -c 'import datetime; print(datetime.date.today())'
2022-02-09
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[1] | python --version
Python 3.8.10
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[2] | python benchmark/run.py
Parsing data.toml 5000 times:
------------------------------------------------------
    parser |  exec time | performance (more is better)
-----------+------------+-----------------------------
     rtoml |    0.891 s | baseline (100%)
  pytomlpp |    0.969 s | 91.90%
     tomli |        4 s | 22.25%
      toml |     9.01 s | 9.88%
     qtoml |     11.1 s | 8.05%
   tomlkit |       63 s | 1.41%

The parsers are ordered from fastest to slowest, using the fastest parser as baseline. Tomli performed the best out of all pure Python TOML parsers, losing only to pytomlpp (wraps C++) and rtoml (wraps Rust).